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Cheshmehzangi","year":2015,"journal":"Sustainability","doi":"10.3390/su7067866","countries":["UGA"],"blocs":["East Africa"],"materials":["Fired clay brick"],"type":"Whole building or assembly","read":true,"basis":"primary field data"},{"title":"Estimating Embodied Energy in Residential Buildings in a Nigerian Context","authors":"I. Ezema, Abiodun Olukayode Olotuah, and Olabosipo Fagbenle","year":2015,"journal":"Unknown Journal","doi":"","countries":["NGA"],"blocs":["West Africa"],"materials":[],"type":"Whole building or assembly","read":false,"basis":""},{"title":"A Life Cycle Assessment Of The Cradle-to-gate Phases Of Clay Brick Production In South Africa","authors":"G. Rice and P. Vosloo","year":2014,"journal":"Unknown Journal","doi":"10.2495/arc140401","countries":["ZAF"],"blocs":["Southern Africa"],"materials":["Fired clay brick"],"type":"Material or product level","read":false,"basis":""},{"title":"Embodied Energy and CO 2 Analyses of Mud-brick and Cement-block Houses","authors":"Abanda F.Henry, Nkeng G.Elambo, and 3 others","year":2014,"journal":"Unknown Journal","doi":"10.3934/energy.2014.1.18","countries":["CMR"],"blocs":["Central Africa"],"materials":["Cement and clinker","Fired clay brick"],"type":"Whole building or assembly","read":true,"basis":"local quantities with foreign factors"},{"title":"The carbon footprint and embodied energy of construction material: A comparative analysis of South African BRT stations","authors":"J. Hugo, Arthur Barker, and Hennie Stoffberg","year":2014,"journal":"Acta Structilia","doi":"10.38140/as.v21i1.146","countries":["ZAF"],"blocs":["Southern Africa"],"materials":[],"type":"Material or product level","read":true,"basis":"local quantities with foreign factors"},{"title":"Deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions associated with fuelwood consumption of the brick making industry in Sudan","authors":"S. A. Alam and M. Starr","year":2008,"journal":"The Science of the total environment","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.09.040","countries":["SDN"],"blocs":["North Africa"],"materials":["Fired clay brick"],"type":"Material or product level","read":false,"basis":""}],"fulltext":[{"doi":"10.3390/cleantechnol5030045","study":"Ige and Olanrewaju","year":"2023","country":"ZAF","material_or_object":"Portland cement CEM I","value":"0.993","unit":"kg CO2e/kg","boundary":"cradle to gate","background_data":"SimaPro 9.1 with ecoinvent 3.8 South African datasets","basis_class":"national inventory in licensed database","read_status":"full text read","used_in_catalogue":"T1","note":"Table 2 of the paper; clinker 0.902 kg per kg cement"},{"doi":"10.3390/cleantechnol5030045","study":"Ige and Olanrewaju","year":"2023","country":"ZAF","material_or_object":"Portland-limestone cement CEM II/B-L","value":"0.856","unit":"kg CO2e/kg","boundary":"cradle to gate","background_data":"SimaPro 9.1 with ecoinvent 3.8 South African datasets","basis_class":"national inventory in licensed database","read_status":"full text read","used_in_catalogue":"T1","note":"Table 2 of the paper"},{"doi":"10.3390/cleantechnol5030045","study":"Ige and Olanrewaju","year":"2023","country":"ZAF","material_or_object":"Portland fly-ash cement CEM II/B-V","value":"0.706","unit":"kg CO2e/kg","boundary":"cradle to gate","background_data":"SimaPro 9.1 with ecoinvent 3.8 South African datasets","basis_class":"national inventory in licensed database","read_status":"full text read","used_in_catalogue":"T1","note":"Table 2 of the paper"},{"doi":"10.3390/cleantechnol5030045","study":"Ige and Olanrewaju","year":"2023","country":"ZAF","material_or_object":"Blast-furnace slag cement CEM III/A","value":"0.641","unit":"kg CO2e/kg","boundary":"cradle to gate","background_data":"SimaPro 9.1 with ecoinvent 3.8 South African datasets","basis_class":"national inventory in licensed database","read_status":"full text read","used_in_catalogue":"T1","note":"Table 2 of the paper"},{"doi":"10.3390/sci7030085","study":"Ige and co-authors","year":"2025","country":"ZAF","material_or_object":"Cement CEM I and CEM III/A","value":"0.99 and 0.57","unit":"kg CO2e/kg","boundary":"cradle to gate","background_data":"SimaPro with ecoinvent","basis_class":"national inventory in licensed database","read_status":"first 40000 characters read","used_in_catalogue":"corroboration","note":"Corroborates the CEM I value; CEM III/A lower than in the 2023 paper"},{"doi":"10.3390/en15072708","study":"Ige and co-authors","year":"2022","country":"ZAF","material_or_object":"Portland cement CEM I","value":"about 1.0","unit":"kg CO2e/kg","boundary":"cradle to gate","background_data":"SimaPro with ecoinvent","basis_class":"national inventory in licensed database","read_status":"first 40000 characters read","used_in_catalogue":"corroboration","note":"Text states 1 kg of cement emits about 1 kg CO2e"},{"doi":"10.1007/s42452-024-05709-4","study":"Fente and Tsegaw","year":"2024","country":"ETH","material_or_object":"Steel reinforcing bar from scrap","value":"467","unit":"kg CO2e/t","boundary":"cradle to gate (scrap based)","background_data":"SimaPro with ecoinvent","basis_class":"plant inventory with licensed background","read_status":"first 40000 characters read","used_in_catalogue":"T1","note":"Functional unit read as one tonne of rebar and to be confirmed; an improved scenario gives 274"},{"doi":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122998","study":"Dabaieh and co-authors","year":"2020","country":"EGY","material_or_object":"Fired clay brick","value":"5907","unit":"kg CO2e/1000 bricks","boundary":"manufacture transport and disposal","background_data":"none (fuel survey: about 205 L heavy oil per 1000 bricks)","basis_class":"primary field data","read_status":"first 40000 characters read","used_in_catalogue":"T1","note":"Stated as the saving against sun-dried brick; brick mass not given so the per-kilogram value in the catalogue assumes 2.5 to 3 kg per brick"},{"doi":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42212","study":"Adu and co-authors","year":"2025","country":"GHA","material_or_object":"Sandcrete block 1:16","value":"0.0336","unit":"kg CO2e/kg","boundary":"cradle to site","background_data":"ICE (University of Bath) factors","basis_class":"local quantities with foreign factors","read_status":"first 40000 characters read","used_in_catalogue":"T2","note":"Reclassified from T1: the paper states that factors for locally produced materials were not available and ICE values were used"},{"doi":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42212","study":"Adu and co-authors","year":"2025","country":"GHA","material_or_object":"Stabilised laterite brick 1:1.6:8.1","value":"0.0505","unit":"kg CO2e/kg","boundary":"cradle to site","background_data":"ICE (University of Bath) factors","basis_class":"local quantities with foreign factors","read_status":"first 40000 characters read","used_in_catalogue":"T2","note":"Reclassified from T1"},{"doi":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42212","study":"Adu and co-authors","year":"2025","country":"GHA","material_or_object":"Two-bedroom houses","value":"313.39 and 268.16","unit":"kg CO2e/m2","boundary":"cradle to site","background_data":"ICE (University of Bath) factors","basis_class":"local quantities with foreign factors","read_status":"first 40000 characters read","used_in_catalogue":"assembly","note":"Sandcrete and stabilised-laterite houses"},{"doi":"10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01679","study":"Bediako and Valentini","year":"2022","country":"GHA","material_or_object":"Concrete with Portland cement","value":"399","unit":"kg CO2e/m3","boundary":"materials (A1-A3); 511 with transport","background_data":"ICE for cement (0.95 kg CO2e/kg) and ecoinvent for aggregates","basis_class":"local quantities with foreign factors","read_status":"full text read","used_in_catalogue":"T2","note":"Concrete with 50% calcined-clay pozzolan: 222 (materials) and 335 with transport"},{"doi":"10.3934/energy.2014.1.18","study":"Abanda and co-authors","year":"2014","country":"CMR","material_or_object":"Cement-block and mud-brick houses","value":"396.7 and 228.0","unit":"kg CO2/m2","boundary":"cradle to gate plus transport","background_data":"ICE (University of Bath) factors","basis_class":"local quantities with foreign factors","read_status":"full text read","used_in_catalogue":"assembly","note":"Typical Cameroonian T4 and T3 houses"},{"doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2025.1568067","study":"Mohamed","year":"2025","country":"EGY","material_or_object":"Conventional and hybrid vernacular houses","value":"698.22 and 368.17","unit":"kg CO2e/m2","boundary":"whole life (A1-A4 B4-B5 C1-C4)","background_data":"One Click LCA generic data","basis_class":"local quantities with foreign factors","read_status":"first 40000 characters read","used_in_catalogue":"assembly","note":""},{"doi":"10.1007/s43621-025-01466-5","study":"Egyptian industrial building study","year":"2025","country":"EGY","material_or_object":"Industrial building","value":"1037","unit":"kg CO2e/m2","boundary":"embodied (One Click benchmark)","background_data":"One Click LCA generic data","basis_class":"local quantities with foreign factors","read_status":"first 40000 characters read","used_in_catalogue":"assembly","note":""},{"doi":"10.38140/as.v21i1.146","study":"Hugo Barker and Stoffberg","year":"2014","country":"ZAF","material_or_object":"Bus rapid transit stations","value":"50.9 to 268.2","unit":"kg CO2/m2","boundary":"cradle to gate","background_data":"ICE (University of Bath) factors","basis_class":"local quantities with foreign factors","read_status":"full text read","used_in_catalogue":"assembly","note":""},{"doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-24113-5","study":"Egyptian recycled-wall study","year":"2025","country":"EGY","material_or_object":"Wall systems","value":"not extracted","unit":"","boundary":"cradle to gate","background_data":"ICE v3.0 (University of Bath)","basis_class":"foreign factors","read_status":"full text read","used_in_catalogue":"none","note":""},{"doi":"10.1088/1757-899x/974/1/012028","study":"Egyptian residential building study","year":"2020","country":"EGY","material_or_object":"Residential building","value":"not extracted","unit":"","boundary":"whole life","background_data":"GaBi and Athena","basis_class":"local quantities with foreign factors","read_status":"full text read","used_in_catalogue":"none","note":"Operational stage dominates the reported results"},{"doi":"10.3390/su7067866","study":"Hashemi and co-authors","year":"2015","country":"UGA","material_or_object":"Artisanal and small-scale fired brick","value":"4760 and 17136","unit":"MJ/t (embodied energy)","boundary":"kiln fuel wood","background_data":"none (wood use per tonne of bricks)","basis_class":"primary field data","read_status":"full text read","used_in_catalogue":"energy only","note":"No CO2 value because the fuel is wood; shows a factor of 3.6 between artisanal clamp and small-scale kilns"},{"doi":"10.3390/buildings9060136","study":"Taffese and Abegaz","year":"2019","country":"ETH","material_or_object":"Cement block and reinforcement in buildings","value":"not extracted","unit":"","boundary":"cradle to site","background_data":"not identified in the text read","basis_class":"not identified","read_status":"first 40000 characters read","used_in_catalogue":"none","note":"Coefficients are presented in figures"},{"doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-32956-1","study":"Burkina Faso calcined-clay concrete study","year":"2025","country":"BFA","material_or_object":"Low-carbon concrete","value":"not extracted","unit":"","boundary":"","background_data":"not identified in the text read","basis_class":"not identified","read_status":"first 40000 characters read","used_in_catalogue":"none","note":""},{"doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-04342-4","study":"Algerian calcined-clay mortar study","year":"2025","country":"DZA","material_or_object":"Calcined-clay mortar","value":"not extracted","unit":"","boundary":"","background_data":"not identified in the text read","basis_class":"not identified","read_status":"first 40000 characters read","used_in_catalogue":"none","note":""},{"doi":"10.3390/en15197239","study":"Bio-based materials study","year":"2022","country":"GHA;KEN","material_or_object":"Bio-based construction materials","value":"not extracted","unit":"","boundary":"","background_data":"ecoinvent","basis_class":"foreign factors","read_status":"first 40000 characters read","used_in_catalogue":"none","note":""},{"doi":"10.3390/ma18153534","study":"Rice-residue material study","year":"2025","country":"KEN","material_or_object":"Rice-residue binder","value":"not extracted","unit":"","boundary":"","background_data":"not identified in the text read","basis_class":"not identified","read_status":"full text read","used_in_catalogue":"none","note":""},{"doi":"10.3390/su16073001","study":"Ige and co-authors","year":"2024","country":"ZAF","material_or_object":"Ordinary Portland cement","value":"not extracted","unit":"","boundary":"cradle to gate","background_data":"SimaPro with ecoinvent","basis_class":"national inventory in licensed database","read_status":"first 40000 characters read","used_in_catalogue":"none","note":""},{"doi":"10.3390/atmos13111788","study":"Ige and co-authors","year":"2022","country":"ZAF","material_or_object":"Cement production (system dynamics)","value":"not extracted","unit":"","boundary":"cradle to gate","background_data":"SimaPro with ecoinvent","basis_class":"national inventory in licensed database","read_status":"first 40000 characters read","used_in_catalogue":"none","note":""},{"doi":"10.3390/su18178825","study":"Belemsigri and co-authors","year":"2026","country":"BFA","material_or_object":"Eleven construction materials","value":"see catalogue","unit":"t CO2/t (CO2 only)","boundary":"cradle to gate","background_data":"IPCC, ADEME Base Carbone, ecoinvent and IEA for secondary data; national grid factor 0.606 kg CO2/kWh","basis_class":"national foreground with secondary factors","read_status":"full text read (PDF supplied by the author)","used_in_catalogue":"T1","note":"All eleven values confirmed in the full text (abstract, Section 3 and conclusions): aluminium 12.804, paint 2.50, steel 1.970, Portland cement 1.060, ceramic tiles 0.99, flat glass 0.84, bitumen 0.628, timber 0.16, asphalt mixes 0.130, aggregates 0.008, sand 0.0013. Cradle to gate including import transport; CO2 only"},{"doi":"10.3390/su17020471","study":"Salou Nouhoun and co-authors","year":"2025","country":"BFA","material_or_object":"Blocks concrete earth and sheet materials","value":"see catalogue","unit":"kg CO2e per unit","boundary":"cradle to gate","background_data":"SimaPro 9.6.0 with ecoinvent 3.10 adapted to Burkina Faso and its electricity imports","basis_class":"national inventory in licensed database","read_status":"full text read (PDF supplied by the author)","used_in_catalogue":"T1","note":"Values confirmed in the full text: steel sheet 3.210 and aluminium sheet 2.545 kg CO2e/kg; concrete tile 0.232; concrete blocks 0.1353 and 0.1336; cut lateritic brick 0.01351; adobe with 4% straw 0.006121; concrete 159, 240 and 323 kg CO2e/m3; grid 0.777 kg CO2e/kWh. Monte Carlo coefficient of variation 41% for concrete block and 12% for adobe"},{"doi":"10.30574/gjeta.2025.23.1.0138","study":"Minane and Donald","year":"2025","country":"CMR","material_or_object":"Ready-mix concrete","value":"427","unit":"kg CO2e/m3","boundary":"not confirmed","background_data":"not confirmed","basis_class":"not confirmed","read_status":"not retrieved","used_in_catalogue":"T1","note":"Value supplied by assisted extraction; verify before publication"}],"ghana":{"clinker":[{"year":2010,"total_mt":2.17,"low_confidence":false,"parts":{"Türkiye":0.149,"Spain":0.018,"Togo":0.755,"Egypt":0.0,"United Arab Emirates":0.049,"Algeria":0.0,"Other origins":1.199}},{"year":2011,"total_mt":4.09,"low_confidence":false,"parts":{"Türkiye":0.144,"Spain":0.061,"Togo":0.933,"Egypt":0.0,"United Arab Emirates":1.611,"Algeria":0.0,"Other origins":1.341}},{"year":2012,"total_mt":3.48,"low_confidence":false,"parts":{"Türkiye":0.656,"Spain":0.162,"Togo":0.867,"Egypt":0.0,"United Arab 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Emirates":0.0,"Algeria":0.061,"Other origins":1.756}},{"year":2019,"total_mt":5.22,"low_confidence":false,"parts":{"Türkiye":3.261,"Spain":0.109,"Togo":0.362,"Egypt":0.0,"United Arab Emirates":0.0,"Algeria":0.363,"Other origins":1.125}},{"year":2021,"total_mt":6.3,"low_confidence":false,"parts":{"Türkiye":1.803,"Spain":0.021,"Togo":0.072,"Egypt":1.044,"United Arab Emirates":0.79,"Algeria":0.999,"Other origins":1.571}},{"year":2022,"total_mt":5.28,"low_confidence":false,"parts":{"Türkiye":0.645,"Spain":0.0,"Togo":0.332,"Egypt":1.784,"United Arab Emirates":0.086,"Algeria":1.499,"Other origins":0.934}},{"year":2023,"total_mt":4.78,"low_confidence":false,"parts":{"Türkiye":0.187,"Spain":0.0,"Togo":0.006,"Egypt":1.488,"United Arab Emirates":0.762,"Algeria":0.453,"Other origins":1.884}},{"year":2024,"total_mt":5.91,"low_confidence":false,"parts":{"Türkiye":0.186,"Spain":0.0,"Togo":0.139,"Egypt":2.617,"United Arab Emirates":0.447,"Algeria":0.709,"Other origins":1.812}}],"origins":["Türkiye","Spain","Togo","Egypt","United Arab Emirates","Algeria","Other origins"],"missing_years":[2020],"components":[{"name":"Clinker process, abroad","v":[2.86,2.29,3.57]},{"name":"Kiln fuel, abroad","v":[1.67,1.14,2.33]},{"name":"Grinding electricity, Ghana","v":[0.23,0.15,0.34]},{"name":"Clinker process, Ghana","v":[0.043,0.043,0.043]}],"scenarios":[{"scenario":"Current average cement (clinker ratio 0.60-0.80)","factor_kg_per_t":606,"total_mt":4.76,"total_low":3.74,"total_high":6.07,"change_vs_current_pct":0.0},{"scenario":"All cement at clinker ratio 0.60","factor_kg_per_t":525,"total_mt":4.12,"total_low":3.15,"total_high":5.4,"change_vs_current_pct":-13.0},{"scenario":"25% of cement as LC3","factor_kg_per_t":586,"total_mt":4.6,"total_low":3.61,"total_high":5.87,"change_vs_current_pct":-3.0},{"scenario":"50% of cement as LC3","factor_kg_per_t":565,"total_mt":4.44,"total_low":3.46,"total_high":5.71,"change_vs_current_pct":-7.0},{"scenario":"50% LC3 + 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West","natural_pct":"16.1","cement_pct":"70.7","ceramic_tile_pct":"10.6","carpet_pct":"1.2","vinyl_pct":"0.1","finished_pct":"82.7"},{"survey_id":"GH2022DHS","year":"2022","region":"Western North","natural_pct":"15.7","cement_pct":"68.3","ceramic_tile_pct":"10.7","carpet_pct":"4.3","vinyl_pct":"0.1","finished_pct":"83.6"},{"survey_id":"GH2022DHS","year":"2022","region":"Eastern","natural_pct":"12.1","cement_pct":"72.9","ceramic_tile_pct":"11.2","carpet_pct":"3.5","vinyl_pct":"0.1","finished_pct":"87.7"},{"survey_id":"GH2022DHS","year":"2022","region":"Upper East","natural_pct":"11.6","cement_pct":"75.1","ceramic_tile_pct":"6.7","carpet_pct":"5.5","vinyl_pct":"0.2","finished_pct":"87.5"},{"survey_id":"GH2022DHS","year":"2022","region":"North East","natural_pct":"10.3","cement_pct":"84.9","ceramic_tile_pct":"1.3","carpet_pct":"1.5","vinyl_pct":"0.2","finished_pct":"87.9"},{"survey_id":"GH2022DHS","year":"2022","region":"Northern","natural_pct":"9.5","cement_pct":"75","ceramic_tile_pct":"10","carpet_pct":"1.9","vinyl_pct":"0.2","finished_pct":"87.1"},{"survey_id":"GH2022DHS","year":"2022","region":"Volta","natural_pct":"8.5","cement_pct":"75.3","ceramic_tile_pct":"10.8","carpet_pct":"5.3","vinyl_pct":"0","finished_pct":"91.4"},{"survey_id":"GH2022DHS","year":"2022","region":"Bono","natural_pct":"8.5","cement_pct":"60.4","ceramic_tile_pct":"17.1","carpet_pct":"8.7","vinyl_pct":"0.1","finished_pct":"86.3"},{"survey_id":"GH2022DHS","year":"2022","region":"Central","natural_pct":"6.6","cement_pct":"56.2","ceramic_tile_pct":"13.6","carpet_pct":"7.3","vinyl_pct":"0","finished_pct":"77.9"},{"survey_id":"GH2022DHS","year":"2022","region":"Western","natural_pct":"3.2","cement_pct":"37.9","ceramic_tile_pct":"19.9","carpet_pct":"13.7","vinyl_pct":"0.2","finished_pct":"71.8"},{"survey_id":"GH2022DHS","year":"2022","region":"Ashanti","natural_pct":"2.9","cement_pct":"59.2","ceramic_tile_pct":"23.3","carpet_pct":"6.8","vinyl_pct":"0","finished_pct":"89.3"},{"survey_id":"GH2022DHS","year":"2022","region":"Greater Accra","natural_pct":"2.8","cement_pct":"47.6","ceramic_tile_pct":"29.8","carpet_pct":"9","vinyl_pct":"0","finished_pct":"86.8"}],"factor_ladder":[{"name":"Process only, CEM I","v":[494,376,648],"kind":"partial"},{"name":"Screen without kiln fuel","v":[398,318,497],"kind":"partial"},{"name":"Average cement, this study","v":[612,528,705],"kind":"study"},{"name":"LC3, illustrative","v":[718,580,888],"kind":"illustrative"},{"name":"CEM I, Egypt-origin declaration","v":[1130,1033,1236],"kind":"measured"}],"numbers":{"clinker_last":[2024,5.91],"clinker_first":[2010,2.17],"clinker_peak":[6.3,2021],"clinker_low_conf_years":[2017],"clinker_n_last5":5,"clinker_mean_last5":5.5,"clinker_range_last5":[4.78,6.3],"origins_last":[["Egypt",44.0,2.62],["Algeria",12.0,0.71],["Pakistan",11.0,0.65],["United Arab Emirates",8.0,0.45],["Angola",4.0,0.26]],"origins_2019":[["Türkiye",62.0,3.27],["Algeria",7.0,0.36],["Togo",7.0,0.36],["Saudi Arabia",4.0,0.23],["Tunisia",4.0,0.22]],"origins_2012":[["Togo",25.0,0.87],["Türkiye",19.0,0.66],["Other Asia, nes",17.0,0.58],["United Arab Emirates",13.0,0.44],["Sweden",10.0,0.35]],"lead_origin_years":[["Türkiye",5],["Togo",3],["Egypt",3],["United Arab Emirates",1],["Greece",1],["Spain",1]],"ref_year":2024,"pop":34.4,"territorial_process_kt":42.5,"offshore_process_mt":[2.86,2.29,3.57],"offshore_fuel_mt":[1.67,1.14,2.33],"grinding_mt":[0.23,0.15,0.34],"cement_total_mt":[4.81,3.79,6.11],"offshore_share_pct":94.0,"cement_use_mt":[7.9,6.1,10.1],"cement_kg_per_capita":[229,178,295],"cement_co2_kg_per_capita":140,"inventory_ratio":7.0,"process_ratio_offshore_to_territorial":67,"implied_cement_factor":[612,528,705],"deficit_saving_60m2_mt":4.9,"deficit_years_of_cement":7.0,"floor_trend":[[1993,14.5,68.3,0.8],[1998,13.3,67.7,0.5],[2003,12.4,63.7,1.1],[2008,14.1,60.8,2.7],[2014,6,63,8.1],[2016,13,61.3,8],[2019,6.8,52.6,10.4],[2022,8,60.8,17.1]],"regions_n":16,"region_survey":["GH2022DHS",2022],"region_natural_max":["Ahafo",29.7],"region_natural_min":["Greater Accra",2.8],"region_tile_max":[29.8,"Greater Accra"],"row_continental":{"iso3":"GHA","country":"Ghana","bloc":"West Africa","year":2023,"trade_data":1,"population":33787914,"territorial_process_kt":42.5,"net_clinker_imports_kt":4733.2,"net_cement_imports_kt":502.9,"consumption_process_kt":2695.9,"consumption_process_low":2058.5,"consumption_process_high":3532.0,"consumption_full_kt":4591.5,"consumption_full_low":3445.0,"consumption_full_high":6101.1,"cement_equivalent_use_kt":7055.2,"cement_use_kg_per_capita":209.0,"full_kg_co2_per_capita":136.0,"offshore_process_share_pct":98.0}}},"priorities":[["Kiln fuel mix and thermal energy of clinker supplied to African markets, by origin","Explains 62% of the variance of the continental total; decisive for the 19 import-dependent countries","Clinker exporters; multinational cement groups; declaration programme operators"],["National foreground inventories (plants, kilns, yards) in place of local quantities multiplied by foreign factors","9 of 23 studies read in full rely on foreign factors","Research groups; building research institutes; producers"],["Product declarations for cement grades from grinding plants, with clinker ratio and origin","The screening model is about 20% low against measured values","Producers; national standards bodies"],["Factors for steel roofing sheet, reinforcing bar, tiles, aluminium and glass by import origin","Roofs and frames are near-universal; all values rest on one country","Importers; mills; trade statistics offices"],["Artisanal fired brick and stabilised earth: fuel, yield and recipe surveys","Gap or single-study cells for materials that house a large share of rural Africa","Building research institutes; kiln and yard operators"],["Verified census shares of wall and roof materials; trade reports for non-reporting countries","Needed to turn stock shares into material flows and to close the consumption account","National statistics offices"]],"cement_model":{"equation":"F = r (520 + q f) + w g / 1000   [kg CO2e per t cement]","process_kg_per_t_clinker":520,"r":{"min":0.5,"mode_avg":0.71,"cem1":0.95,"max":0.95,"range_avg":[0.6,0.9],"label":"Clinker-to-cement ratio","source":"IEA 2022 global ratio 0.71; study range 0.60 to 0.90; CEM I 0.95"},"q":{"min":3.0,"mode":3.6,"max":4.5,"label":"Kiln thermal energy (GJ per t clinker)","source":"IEA 2022 global 3.6"},"fuels":[{"name":"Natural gas","f":56.1},{"name":"Bituminous coal","f":94.6},{"name":"Petroleum coke","f":97.5}],"fuel_source":"IPCC 2006 default emission factors (kg CO2 per GJ)","w":{"min":70,"mode":91,"max":120,"label":"Electricity use (kWh per t cement)","source":"IEA/CSI 2014 global 91"},"caveat":"The model omits upstream fuel supply and transport; against three measured African values it runs about 20% low."},"needs":{"BIN":["Clinker-to-cement ratio by grade","Clinker origins and tonnes by origin","Kiln fuel mix and thermal energy (or the supplier's declaration)","Grinding electricity per tonne","Additions by type and mass","Packaging and inbound transport"],"MAS":["Recipe per batch: cement, sand or soil, water (weighed)","Units obtained per batch and per bag of cement","Unit mass and breakage","Fuel or electricity for mixing, pressing or firing","Haul distances for sand, soil and cement"],"CON":["Mix design or batch records by strength class","Cement type and content per cubic metre","Plant or site energy use","Aggregate sources and haul"],"MET":["Feedstock by type and origin (scrap, billet, coil, ingot)","Output by product","Electricity and furnace fuels","Coating metals, alloying additions and yield loss"],"GLA":["Import origin and tonnage","Producer declaration or plant energy data"],"CER":["Kiln fuel and electricity per tonne","Clay and glaze inputs","Import origin where imported"],"FIN":["Formulation class (water or solvent based)","Plant energy","Import origin of resins and pigments"],"BIO":["Log input by species group and source","Sawn output and recovery rate","Electricity, diesel and drying fuel","Fate of residues"],"AGG":["Output by product","Diesel and electricity for extraction and crushing","Explosives","Delivery distances"],"PLS":["Resin type and origin","Extrusion electricity","Output and scrap rate"]}}